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Flatfish
The summer flounder is an important commercial and recreational fish found in the Chesapeake Bay. It is part of a group of vertebrates called flatfish that are found throughout the world. The most obvious characteristic of the flatfish is its asymmetry. Each side of the flatfish, when divided by a central line, is not identical.
Flatfish are born as symmetrical larvae swimming upright; however, as the flatfish develop into juveniles, they undergo many body changes during a process called metamorphosis. One significant change is the migration of one eye from one side of the head to the other. An adult flatfish has both eyes on the same side of its head. Adult flatfish usually lay flat on the ocean floor with both eyes on the upward-facing side of the head. Another change is in the coloration on the side of the body facing upward; it darkens to match the ocean floor. Adult flatfish swim with a sideways flapping motion. A diagram of an adult flatfish is shown.
Eye migration in flatfish is controlled in part by the hormone thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is produced by all vertebrates, but it causes eye migration only in flatfish. Thyroxine binds to molecules called thyroid receptors on the nuclear membrane of a cell and enters the nucleus of the cell. In the nucleus, it activates specific genes. The model shows what happens when thyroxine binds to its receptor.
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Thyroxine Hormone
Scientists have extensively studied the metamorphosis in flatfish to understand the way in which thyroxine influences this process. The graphs show the relationship between thyroxine levels and the levels of gene expression during the flatfish larval stage. The migration of the eye occurs between day 25 and day 40. The coloration change in the upper side of the body occurs between day 40 and day 47. At day 47 metamorphosis is complete and the flatfish is now a juvenile.
The diagrams shows the physical changes flatfish undergo during metamorphosis.
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History of Flatfish
Scientists studied fossils from 50 million years ago to determine if there were transitional forms between symmetrical fish and asymmetrical flatfish. Transitional forms would have traits common to both ancestral fish and present-day flatfish. The phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between living flatfishes (Fishes C and D), a symmetrical fish (Fish A), and an extinct transitional form (Fish B) that was discovered.
Scientists compared certain genes in the symmetric fish and the flatfish. They compared these genes in symmetric stickleback, puffer fish, and zebra fish to two species of flatfish. A portion of the data from the scientific study are shown.
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Create a sequence to show what happens when the thyroxine hormone activates a gene. Select and drag the processes into the correct positions.
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Which statement best explains how genes cause eye migration in flatfish?
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Which paragraph best describes the impact of thyroxine levels during eye migration in flatfish metamorphosis?
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Which explanation is best supported by the Amino Acid Differences table?
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The Phylogenetic Tree diagram can be used to show relatedness. Select the two fishes that are most closely related to each other.
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Describe evidence that supports a relationship between biological evolution and the common ancestry of flatfish.
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Butterflies Near the Power Plant
The pale grass blue butterfly (Zizeeria maha) has small, blue-colored wings. The distance the butterfly can fly is limited by the size of its wings. The butterfly begins its life cycle as an egg. The egg hatches into a larva, or caterpillar. Next, the pupa forms a chrysalis and eventually the adult emerges as a butterfly. The typical life cycle is about twenty-two days.
Pale grass blue butterflies are found throughout Japan. This includes areas near the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). An accident at the nuclear power plant on March 11, 2011, released a large amount of nuclear radiation into the surrounding area. Radiation exposure decreased as the distance from the nuclear plant increased. A group of scientists claimed that the pale grass blue butterflies were a model organism to evaluate the environmental and biological effects of the radiation. Two months after the accident, the scientists captured adult pale grass blue butterflies at different distances from the nuclear power plant. This was the first generation of butterflies exposed to the radiation from the accident.
In a laboratory, the scientists bred the collected adult butterflies to create two generations. The eclosion time is the time it takes the butterfly to go from egg to adult. The eclosion time of each generation was recorded by the scientists. The graph shows the data collected.
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Abnormalities
The scientists observed the new generations of butterfly for abnormalities in their wings, eyes, and appendages. The graph shows some of the data the scientists collected during their observations.
A butterfly's forewings are its two front wings. The graph shows the changes in forewing size as the butterflies' exposure to radiation increased. The risk of health effects from exposure to radiation are measured in microsievert units (µSv) in the graph.
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Radiation Impact
In butterflies, the genes that control the development of wings, eyes, and appendages are located on the same chromosome. The scientists performed another experiment to determine the impact of the radiation on the butterflies. The scientists collected a second sample of adult butterflies two months and six months after the nuclear accident. In a laboratory, the scientists grew two new generations of the butterflies from the adult butterflies they had collected.
The data table shows a comparison of the butterflies collected two months and six months after the accident and their offspring.
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How did the wings of the pale grass blue butterfly help explain the increased rate of abnormalities seen in the butterfly population six months after the nuclear accident at the nuclear power plant?
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Based on the data shown in the Rate of Abnormal Appendages and Butterfly Forewing Size graphs, which conclusion can most likely be made?
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Which evidence supports the claim that genes that control the life cycle and development of pale grass blue butterflies were affected similarly by the accident at the nuclear power plant? Select the two that apply.
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Which claim is supported by the data in the Abnormalities in Several Generations of Butterflies table?
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Which claims explain the increased abnormality rate seen in the F1 generation of butterflies that were caught two months and six months after the nuclear accident? Select the two that apply.
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Use evidence to support the claim that the nuclear accident at the nuclear power plant caused changes that resulted in the abnormalities seen in the pale grass blue butterfly population for the next several generations.
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Bee Populations
California supplies over 80% of the world's almonds. Each spring millions of honeybees are shipped to California. Almond growers need the honeybees to pollinate their trees. Almond trees rely on honeybee pollination. The almond growers look for hives that can be rented for the pollination season. The table summarizes the large number of honeybees needed.
California Hives | |
Hives in California | Hives Needed to Pollinate California Orchards |
---|---|
~500,000 | ~2,000,000 |
Honeybees live in a structure called a hive. A hive consists of
- one queen bee that lays all the eggs for the hive,
- hundreds of male drones whose only job is to mate with the queen,
- and 20,000–80,000 worker bees who are responsible for pollination.
Two or more hives are needed per acre to pollinate the almond trees. The graphs show the number of hives and the almond tree acreage over a nine-year period.
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Changing Conditions
During the winter, almond trees remain dormant, existing on stored water and nutrients. In early spring, almond trees begin blooming. The honeybees are released to begin four weeks of work moving from tree to tree pollinating each bloom.
Other insects add competition for the honeybees. The competition causes honeybees to pollinate at a higher rate. All these honeybees together from so many different places could potentially spread viruses and diseases. This could result in a loss of honeybees and, ultimately, almonds. The table summarizes several key factors in bee losses.
Bee Losses | ||
Reason for Hive Loss | Possible Causes | Average % of Yearly Loss |
---|---|---|
colony collapse disorder |
| ~17–20% |
pesticide usage |
| ~40% and up |
harsh winters |
| ~30% |
Almond pollination gives honeybees their first food of the year and provides the protein and amino acids their diet requires. Honeybee hives need more than one type of food to remain healthy. A healthy ecosystem is dependent on the honeybee population. The table shows how honeybees affect the rest of the ecosystem they support.
Honeybee Importance | |
Function | Effect |
---|---|
food source | Bees produce honey for other organisms as well as being a food source for birds and spiders. |
plant growth | Wild plants depend on pollination to create seeds. |
biodiversity | Bees support the growth of other plants and flowers that are habitats and food sources for others. |
wildlife habitats | Honeybees build elaborate hives for themselves, but also help build suitable ecosystems for sustaining other species. |
This is a multiple choice question that allows you to select only one option.
Which statement best explains the relationship between almond tree reproduction and honeybees?
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Select the phrases to describe the effects of pesticide usage on honeybees.
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Which statement most likely explains the honeybee population increase from 2011 to 2014?
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Select the events and drag them into the boxes to show how a decline in honeybees has an effect throughout the ecosystem.
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Which statement describes how honeybees experiencing harsh winters impacts the almond orchard ecosystem?
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Use reasoning to explain the effect on biodiversity in the ecosystem if a large decrease in the honeybee population occurred in the United States.
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Ladybird Beetles
In the Netherlands, scientists are studying the climate’s impact on the population of ladybird beetles. One type of the beetles found in the Netherlands is the two-spot ladybird. Some two-spot ladybirds have black wing covers, while others have red wing covers.
All insects are cold-blooded, which means they cannot maintain a constant body temperature as warm-blooded organisms do. Cold-blooded organisms must “warm up” to an ideal temperature to function at their best. The scientists hypothesize that the black two-spot ladybirds are favored in colder, less windy areas because they warm up faster than the red two-spot ladybirds. The scientists observed the percent of each type of two-spot ladybirds at different locations along the line shown in the map. The cooler, less windy conditions tend to occur in the eastern regions, away from the coast. The graph shows data collected from west to east in the years 1980–2004.
The scientists wondered if changes to the climate caused a genetic response in the two-spot ladybird population. Climate information for the Netherlands from 1980 through 2010 is shown in these two graphs.
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Rickettsia
A bacterium called Rickettsia can infect female two-spot ladybird beetles. The females then pass the Rickettsia on to their offspring. The bacteria cause the male eggs to not hatch, but the Rickettsia does not affect the female offspring that inherit it from their mothers. After hatching, the offspring often eat the unhatched eggs.
Scientists studied the effects of Rickettsia by breeding a male two-spot ladybird with an uninfected female and an infected female. The table indicates some of the data the scientists collected.
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Harlequin Ladybird Beetles
Harlequin ladybird beetles are another species of beetle. They were originally found in Asia. Harlequin ladybirds have multiple spots on their red wing covers and are larger in size than two-spot ladybirds.
Ladybird beetles prey on aphids, which are small plant-eating insects that can spread diseases between plants and damage crops. Farmers tried to introduce the harlequin ladybirds to control aphid populations. For many years, the farmers’ efforts were unsuccessful, and Harlequin ladybirds could not survive in the area. In the early 1990s, the harlequin ladybirds were introduced in the Netherlands, and this time the ladybirds were able to survive and even thrive. Scientists noted that the harlequin ladybirds introduced in the 1990s preyed on two-spot ladybirds as well as aphids.
This is a multiple choice question that allows you to select only one option.
Which statement best describes the relationship between the black two-spot beetles and climate in the Netherlands?
A | The percentage of black two-spot beetles did not increase in the Netherlands during the 1980s and 1990s. |
B | The temperature and rainfall in the Netherlands increased in the Netherlands during the 1990s and 2000s. |
C | The percentage of black two-spot beetles did not increase in the Netherlands during the 1980s and 1990s. |
D | The population percentage of black two-spot beetles decreased in the 1990s and 2000s due to climate change in the Netherlands. |
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Which statements explain the evolutionary impact the Rickettsia bacterium has on the population of two-spot ladybird beetles? Select the two that apply.
A | Because Rickettsia results in fewer male two-spot ladybird beetles hatching, the overall numbers of male two-spots also decrease. |
B | The numbers of female two-spot ladybird beetles increase as those born to infected females have two survival advantages over other two-spots. |
C | The male two-spot beetles born to uninfected females do not have food readily available because very few eggs will not hatch of those laid by uninfected females, whereas offspring born to infected females can consume the unhatched eggs of the males immediately upon hatching. |
D | The male two-spot beetles born to uninfected females have to compete with all of their brothers and sisters upon hatching, whereas offspring born to infected females only have about half that number with which to compete. |
E | Because about half of the offspring of infected females do not hatch, the female offspring of the infected females have less competition upon hatching than do the offspring of uninfected females. |
This is a multiple choice question that allows you to select only one option.
A food web for ladybird beetles is shown.
For which organism in the food web do the harlequin and two-spot ladybirds compete?
A | |
B | |
C | |
D | |
E |
This is a multiple choice question that allows you to select only one option.
Use the food web to help answer the question.
Which statement describes how the harlequin ladybirds have changed the environment for the two-spot ladybirds?
A | Harlequin ladybirds are not prey for the two-spot ladybirds. |
B | Harlequin ladybirds are able to use two-spot ladybirds as a food source and are now a predator of the two-spot ladybirds. |
C | Neither of the ladybird beetles use grape plants as a food source. |
D | Neither of the ladybird beetles use soybean plants as a food source. |
This is a multiple choice question that allows you to select only one option.
Farmers tried for many years to introduce harlequin ladybirds to the Netherlands without any success until the early 1990s. During these years, some harlequin ladybirds must have experienced an important change that allowed them to be able to survive in the Netherlands when they were reintroduced there in the early 1990s.
Which statement best describes the important change and the long-term effects of that change on harlequin ladybirds?
A | |
B | |
C | |
D |
This is a test question that allows you to enter extended text in your response.
Use evidence to explain the survival advantages and disadvantages a red two-spot ladybird has if it is born to a female that is not infected with Rickettsia and lives on the southwestern coast of the Netherlands.
Type your answer in the space provided.
Sample Response:
Advantages: A red two-spot ladybird, due to its red color that does not absorb as much sunlight as quickly as a black two-spot ladybird, would not be affected by the warming temperatures and increased precipitation if the climate change continues along its current trend.
Disadvantages: A red two-spot ladybird will be the prey of harlequin ladybird beetles. When it is born, it will compete with more siblings for food and habitat than would the offspring of an infected female because many of the infected female’s offspring will not hatch. Also, when it is born it will not have a ready food supply as will the offspring of an infected female because the surviving offspring of an infected female can eat the unhatched eggs.
Score | Description |
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4 | There is evidence in this response that the student has a full and complete understanding of the solution to a problem or constructs a full and complete explanation of the question.
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3 | There is evidence in this response that the student has a general understanding of the solution to a problem or constructs a complete explanation of the question.
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2 | There is evidence in this response that the student has a partial understanding of the solution to a problem or constructs an explanation of the question.
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1 | There is evidence in this response that the student has a minimal understanding of the solution to a problem or constructs a minimal explanation of the question.
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0 | There is evidence that the student has no understanding of the solution to a problem or the question.
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